HISTORY OF TELEVISION

Television is a medium of communication that is widely used to transmit and receive moving images via electrical signals or electromagnetic waves which are equipped sound. The word 'television' is a combination of the words tele ('far') from the Greek and Visio ('vision') from the Latin. So television can be defined as a system of presenting the moving image and sound that can be sent from a distance.
Aircraft television available commercially in the 1920s and has become one of the main communication receiving equipment in homes, commerce and institutions, particularly as a source of entertainment and information. In 1920, television use high-powered radio transmitter to broadcast television signals to a television receiver.

Television was not invented by one person alone but through the development of cooperation of various parties over the years who contributed to make the evolution of this television. The first time television beginning in 1862 by an Italian citizen named abbel caseli who managed to find a system of sending pictures by electricity through a wire. But the basics of a new mechanical television was first invented by Paul Nipkow a student from Russia in 1884 and in 1907 on the cathode ray tube perfected by Ferdinand Braun of Strasburg University, Russia. And in 1907 professor boris Rosing managed to find the basics of electronic scanning cathode ray tube to convert vibrations into visual electronics.

Later in the year 1923-1929 John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette images first and become the world's first television broadcast. From the experiments Nipkow and Rosing munculah two types of mechanical television systems and electronic television. Then DR.zorkwin from russia perfecting a cathode ray tube called the kinescope. Kinescope tube was urgently needed for television. The tube begins to be able to transform the visual into electronic signals.

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth was the inventor of the first to transmit television images consisting of 60 horizontal lines. Farnsworth developed a dissector tube, the basis of all electronic television today. He filed the first television patent in 1927. Louis Parker finds a modern television receiver. Patents issued to Louis Parker in 1948. Marvin Middlemark create a shaped antenna "V" color TV was not a new idea, the German patent in 1904 contained the original proposal of color TV, while in 1925 a new Zworykin filed a patent disclosure for all color systems -electronic television. A successful color television system began commercial broadcasting, first authorized by the FCC on December 17, 1953 based on a system invented by RCA. And subsequently developed into television as it is now with the various forms of

Homofily Heterofily

Homofily

Homofily is the degree of similarity of pairs of sources and recipients of messages caused by the characteristics of attributes (elements of culture) of different cultural elements contained in the trust, education or social status.

To create an effective communication must be no similarity of meaning, purpose and objectives of both parties who are communicating, homofily in short words is common.

Examples such as the educational element, with a highly educated person to talk to people who are highly educated as well about the problems of governance, both people will understand each message delivered because they have the same background and this is called homofily.

Heterofily

Heterofily is a mirror opposite the homofily, heterofily is the degree of dissimilarity of the pair source recipient caused by the characteristics of attributes (elements of culture) of different cultural elements contained in the trust, education or social status.

In heterofily happen inequality with cultural elements between two people who do the communication impact is not effective communication occurs because of differences in the elements of that culture.

Example heterofily for example in education, someone who communicates with different educational background, one person graduates high school and one elementary school graduates, they both talked about the system of government, of course, effective communication occurs not because of the background two men differ.

Heterofily and Homofily is one aspect of the application of principles of intercultural communication in a context that is usually the subject of scientific study of psychology and communication scientists. Objective study of coherence in interpersonal interactions solidarity or solidarity, and the attitude of the involvement of members of the group. (Fisher 1996 in Rumondor 2003)

(source: dwikartikawati.blogspot.com)

Culture Shock

Culture shock, culture shock is the transition period and a unique feeling, the anxiety that arises in a person when he enters a new culture,

Stages stages in culture shock, according to Dodd are:

1. Great expectations

Planning a person to enter a new culture is made with cooked plan despite fears in him in entering a new culture, but he felt optimistic in the face of the future.

2. Everything is beautiful

All new fun, although maybe some people experience feelings can not sleep or restless. But curiosity and enthusiasm to quickly resolve the issue.

3. everything is awful

Stages of the two has passed, now is when something unpleasant, anxiety, impatience, depression began to be felt in this phase.

4. everything is ok

From stage 1 to 3 have passed now in this stage can already assess someone with balanced positive and negative and getting used to the local culture.

(source: dwikartikawati.blogspot.com)

some of the barriers to empathy and how to develop empathy

Some of the barriers to empathy are:

a. focus on continuous self-
b. stereotypical views about race and culture
c. lack of knowledge of the group, class or a particular person
d. behavior alienate people to provide information
e. action or utterance that seems to judge others
f.  uninterested attitude that can lead to people not willing to reveal themselves
g. superior attitude
h. attitude which indicates certainty

There are several ways to develop empathy

a. assuming differences
b. know yourself
c. blur the boundaries themselves and their environment
d. the imaginative put themselves in place of others
e. do empathy itself
f.  rebuild self-concept

8. look for similarities between different cultures

(source: dwikartikawati.blogspot.com)

Studying Intercultural Communication

As there are many reasons why we need to understand the communication between these cultures. This can be explained by reference to Toomey (1998:4-7) that:

1. The existence of differences in global trends

As the developments leading to what is called by Marshal Mc complaints as the Global Village have implications about the existence of relationships increases, giving rise to the awareness to study the problem of communication between these cultures. This occurs because the problem of cross-cultural meeting place problems often arise because many people who do not understand each others different in certain respects


With the difference in the workplace on a global level represents the opportunities and challenges both for individuals or organizations in different parts of the world. Next we look at the statement in Adler Toomey (1998) that there are five global competence when we make comparisons between different cultures such as


a. understanding the political environment, culture and business with a global perspective
b. development of multiple perspectives on culture and cultural approach that supports business
c. have expertise in working with other people simultaneously
d. adapt comfortably when dealing with others from different cultures
e. learn how to interact with the international world at the same level with no superior or inferior

We know that business success will be achieved depends on globalization. And globalization that effectively deal with it depends on different workplaces, For that the need for knowledge and expertise in cross-cultural communication mindfull is an important first step in a global world now

2. There is a tendency difference Domestic

In addition to the international sphere is also a change in domestic circles with the emergence of a diverse subcultures in the domestic sphere.

There are two sets of dimensions that contribute to how a group is different from the others, namely:

a. A set is referred to as the primary dimensions of diversity that is human differences that have been born since the effect on our socialization (gender, ethnicity, Unur, social class, physical ability, sexual orientation) 

b. The secondary dimensions of diversity that is the condition which can be changed or modified in our kehisupan (education, occupation, and income)

3. The opportunity to learn about interpersonal or in other words personal awareness

With a mindful intercultural communication will provide a rich understanding of the differences in meaning that concentrates on human labor and our willingness to explore and understand cultural differences and all the complexity that will enrich our life experience.

(Source: dwikartikawati.blogspot.com)

Communication Of Technology

Communication technology is anything that relates to the use of tools to process and transfer data from one device to another device. so that becomes an information that can be exchanged between individuals from one another.

The hsitory of communication tchnology in prehistoric times

• Images found on cave walls, in addition to the cave was also found on stones, leaves, ivory, and animal skins.
• Ability to communicate using sign language or hand gestures of other body parts.
• Tools that produce  sounds, trumpet, drums and so forth.

The history of communication technology at the time of history

• Writing was first used by the sumerians in the form of pictograph in the year 3000 BC, the text has a different shape and meaning to become a word language and sentence.
• In the 2900 BC use hieroglyph writing by the ancient egyptians.

While the history of modern  times is

• Discovery telephone by alexander graham bell in 1875 which later developed into psovision of communication network for the entire mainland United States.
• After finding the phone then discovery of wireless voice through the radio am network and thrive.
• After the invention of the telephone and radio then appear the audio-visual media is television

Cold war that occured beetwen blocks west to the eastern bloc, the competition in the world of technology, all completed with each other to miniaturisation existing devices and the microprosesor was born. and a microprocessor that is the brain computer technology until now, and still growing.

source: (my leicture notes)

Philosophy Communication

Philosophy is the study of science in depth to obtain an absolute truth. Communication is a converrsation carried out by two or more verbal or non verrbal with the aim to influencce each other. So i think the above understanding of the philosophy of communication is the study of communication in more depth to get absolute truth.

Philosophy flow divided into:

Positivism

positivism  was first introduced by auguste comte, positivism separates between religion and metaphysics, positivism is basically a philosphy that believes that truth comes from experience and vision. positivism has been used by ibn al-haytam.

Post-positivism

post-positivism was born after this is understood positivism's just assume that the researh must be accurate and effective. after the post-positivism was born where critical realist. understanding of critical realists assume that the research is not really accurate and might be wrong.

Critical Theory

Critical theory is a theory derived from Hegel And Marx in the systemization of theory by horkreimer and colleagues at the school of frankfurt and developed by Habermas. This theory starts from a critical reading of Hegel against Kant.

The purpose of critical theory is to eliminate various forms of domination and promote freedom, justice, equality. it uses the reflective method by continuosly critizing against the order of social institution that are not in favor of freedom and justice.

Constructivism

Constructivism is learning to be generative of creating a sense of what is learned. constructivism get knowledge from experience. this causes a person to have knowledge and become more dynamic. the most important of this theory are students build their own knowledge experienced by comparing the experience gained earlier with a new experience.

Interpretive

Interpretive effort to find an explanation of what happened through research in other words, this theory including the following post-positivism understood. interpretive assusme that the facts are not objective and neutral facts can diferent depending on the angle of view and meaning of each and can be interpreted in various ways.

(source: leicture notes)

DEFINITION OF PRESS

In RI Law No. 40 year 1999 on the press, article 1, paragraph (1) states: "The press is a social institution and a vehicle for mass communication that carry out journalistic activities include the search for, acquire, possess, store, process and convey information in writing, sound, images, sounds and pictures, as well as data and graphs as well as in other forms by using the print media, electronic media, and all types of channels available. "forms of mass media institutions was reinforced again in Article 1, paragraph (2) which states:" Companies the press is an Indonesian legal entity that carries out the business press covering the company print media, electronic media and news agencies, as well as other media companies that are specifically organized, broadcast or distribute information. "

MASS COMMUNICATION

Mass communication comes from the English term, mass communication, as an abbreviation of the mass communication media. That is, communication using the mass media or mass mediated communication. The term mass communication or communications is defined as a channel, namely the mass media (mass media) as shorthand for the media of mass communication. Mass implies a lot of people, they do not have to be in the same locations, they can be scattered or dispersed in various locations, which in the same time or almost simultaneously to get the messages the same communication. Berlo (in Wiryanto, 2005) defines mass as covering all those who become targets of mass communication tools or the people at the other end of the channel.

Source: http://adiprakosa.blogspot.com

Mass communication is a process in which media organizations create and disseminate a message to the audience a lot of (public). Organization - This organization will disseminate media messages that affect and reflect the culture of a society, then this information will they present simultaneously in widely diverse audience. This makes the media become part of one powerful institution in society. In future communications, mass media into a single authority to select, produce a message, and deliver it to audiences. 

source: wikipedia