If traced back, journalism has been there since the days of Noah so many centuries before Christ. At the time of Prophet Noah and his people - which consists of the believers and the number of animals in pairs - were ordered by Allah to save themselves from flash floods in a giant ark that they make. Some time later, when the storm had subsided, I saw some birds flying around delivering a signal, that soon the Prophet Noah and his people could have landed on an island with the survivors. Cue the birds were seen as information or news. Even much earlier, at the time of the Prophet Adam, the ancient journalistic already known. It is said, at that time two sons of Adam, namely Cain and Abel, fighting women fighting for diperisteri - which no other is their own sisters. Quarrel ensued, they fight and try to kill each other. Poor Abel, the younger brother, was killed.
Seeing her sister died, Cain's brother, confusion. Soon he saw a crow - which also just fight and kill his opponent fellow bird - to bury his opponent with ground and then dug to bury his opponent. So Cain was to imitate it. Examples of burial carried out by a crow that was believed as the first information received by manusia.Tapi, information or communication actually the first time this has happened is that when Allah Almighty created Adam plans, and then notify the angels. After the Prophet Adam was created, Allah taught him the names of objects, and said that Allah will create Eve as a wife, then warn, warn forbid them not to approach the Tree of Eternity. Several centuries later, Alexander Zulqarnain - mighty king of Macedonia, Greece - very concerned with accurate information about the state of lands under their control, which stretched between Greece to China. Of course, at that time, the king only rely on the horsemen. Several centuries after that, people in ancient Roman times, the term acta diurna which is defined as a series of deed, activities, events. At that time, not the acta diurna who visit its readers, but on the contrary, the communities who came to the media who was then called acta diurna.
A very interested to find out information like that on average, or wealthy landowners who have certain political interests. They told the slaves to go to places acta diurna, record or copy the things that are important for submission to their masters. On the back of the day, culture or habit like that is growing, and subsequently became a kind of record of an event-record or events that occur in everyday life. Later on the understanding that continues to grow, so that journalism could be interpreted as a work or skill that combines some effort to find, collect, process and disclose matters relating to the event or events that benefit others. When the ancient Roman Empire collapsed, journalistic culture disappeared. Moreover, at the time of European nations are still in the dark ages or the dark age. However, in another hemisphere, namely the Muslim world, when it has developed the culture of writing incredible, even to attempt the translation of scientific works.
Several scientific institutions such as universities and libraries stand in important cities in Muslim Spain, Syria (Syria), Iraq, and the Ottoman Empire. Initially, periodic publication that contains information about daily events - particularly commercial activities - only for consumption of officials government and wealthy landowners. Just around the 17th century or 18, periodic special issue to the public for the first time circulating in the United States, Britain and Western Europe. The issuance of such periodical or journal on a regular basis when the Europeans began to love reading, along with the outbreak of the industrial revolution. When the periodical or journal that began after the discovery of a step of printing machines steam power. Since the loss of acta diurna to about 1000 BC, experts familiar with the practice of European history in the form of news to send to send a letter, between the monastery, palace, with an intermediary courier. As for the known presence among ordinary people minstreel (itinerant singers) who brought the song in the form of folk song or poem that contains information about events that occurred elsewhere. After growing development of correspondence between the politicians, intellectuals, and traders either by co- colleagues at home and abroad, began to arise improvements to speed and rhythm actuality the news.
Usually the vendors to include other news that sometimes can indirectly benefit their business. Then his partner to accept and reproduce and forward the news to other relations. Thus hereinafter merchant letters into a letter perkabaran although still modest. The biggest spike in journalism in 1791 when the French Revolution broke out. The newspaper that appears to be a flyer issued by political leaders, but the state authorities are concerned. Freedom of the press challenged, thousands of reporters in jail, while 70 others suffered punishment guillotine (law beheaded). The only country that provides freedom of the press is the United Kingdom since 1695 where the King Willem III revoke the provisions of compulsory licensing of newspaper companies. This development also drives the growth of newspapers in other European countries. To get into academic science, journalism courses developed with the advent of newspapers called Zeitungskunde at the University of Bazel (Switzerland) in 1884 by Karl Bucher. Bucher trail followed by Max Weber, he argues that the reality of capital and capital owners are very important for the life of newspapers. Important in terms of economic calculation and editorial.
As a social institution, Max Weber said, the newspaper has its own personality. In this case you'll enjoy a personal rather than individual journalists, but the work or the color of their ideology in general suratkabarnya principled anonymity. In the mid-1800s, along with the progress of industrial society, journalistic activities was developed, which affects the occurrence of "trading" news. Various periodical and newspaper published because it is needed by the society around them. In Europe and America also develops single and two news agencies, who organized a number of reporters to gather news and then distributed to various publishers of magazines and newspapers. The news agency which is still active, for example, the Associated Press (USA), Reuters (UK), Agence-France Presse (France).
When it emerged two of the press in New York businessman, namely Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, who in 1883 published a newspaper each World and the New York Journal American, and compete hard. Later, emerging awareness among the journalists to defend and fight for their rights as employees. Since then, they founded the journalists association, which began in England and followed by reporters in other European countries and America. And since it also gives birth to baby professional journalism. 1800s was also marked by the emergence of the term journalisme yellow (yellow journalism), a term for "headline battle" between two major newspapers in New York City. One is owned by Joseph Pulitzer and another one owned by William Randolph Hearst. Typical yellow journalism is preaching a bombastic, sensationalist, and the loading of the main title that attracted public attention. Only one goal: increase sales! Yellow journalism did not last long, along with the emergence of consciousness of journalism as a profession. For the record, the first generation of newspaper in the U.S. beginning it was partisan, and easily attack the politicians and the president, without an objective and balanced news. But the journalists and then have the awareness that the news they write for the public must have a social responsibility.
Awareness of professional journalism that encouraged reporters to shape their own professional organization. Organization of the journalistic profession was first established in England in 1883, followed by reporters in other countries in the next period. Courses in journalism began many held at various universities, who then gave birth to concepts such as unbiased news and accountable, as a standard of quality for professional journalism. In the 1920s, the press - in the sense of the word newspaper - can no longer claim to be the only "king news." At that time radio show that broadcast the news as a competitor to newspapers. Even so, the print press is still able to survive, mainly due to present the news over the full length and shorter than radio news. The second rival, namely television, appeared in the 1950s. Just as on radio, print press is still able to survive the television. Newspapers, for example, can carry anywhere with lightweight and can be saved as an archive, while radio and television did not.
sources: lecture notes introduction to journalism
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